yoga and meditation - advantages

Reasons Why You Should Start Practicing Yoga And Meditation
The practice of yoga and meditation has become increasingly popular in the past few years, but I am sure that there are many people who are still asking themselves, “What’s in it for me?” So, if you have been wondering whether it would be worth your time to start practicing yoga and meditation, I would like to give you five good reasons why it would be a very worthwhile activity for you.1. Yoga and meditation will improve your healthYoga postures put gentle pressure on the internal organs of the body and help them to function properly. In particular the postures help your digestive system to work smoothly and thus avoid problems such as constipation, acidity and indigestion, which are common conditions that can lead to more serious problems later on. Meditation and deep relaxation can be just what you need to lower your blood pressure. Thus, yoga postures plus meditation is a great combination for maintaining and improving health.2. Yoga and meditation will help you to overcome bad habitsWhat’s a “bad habit?” It’s something that you are doing continually, and something that you know is harming you but you can’t stop it. Are you smoking now? Maybe you thought it was good when you started, but you would now like to stop. The trouble is that it is not so easy to quit smoking or a similar habit once it has become established.This is where yoga and meditation can help you out. The yoga postures help you to become more relaxed and mentally balanced. Meditation can help you to concentrate your mind and build up your will-power. Once you become internally balanced and have a stronger will power, it will become possible for you to break any habit, even one that you have been troubled by for many years.

3. Yoga and meditation will help you to lose weightObesity is one of the biggest health problems of the modern era. Our lives have become more sedentary and our food sources have changed over the last 100 years and this why many adults and even children are now overweight.Although this is a life-style problem, it is something that can be dealt with. The surest way to lose weight is to get more exercise and to control what you are eating. This is of course, easier said than done. But yoga and meditation can help you out. There are some yoga postures that are helpful in weight loss programs. Similarly, the mental strength that you can get from both yoga postures and from meditation can help you to gain a better control over your diet and this can result in healthy and permanent weight loss.4. Yoga and meditation will bring you inner peaceYou may be earning a lot of money and you may have a lot of social prestige but is physical or social wealth the goal of your life? Whatever material or social wealth you have, if you are not contented, satisfied and at peace with yourself then you will not be a happy person.The goal of meditation is to help you find the inner core of your being. Who are you? Is it the name and address on your identity card? If you start meditating you will find that deep within you is a pool of infinite love and peace. This is the real you. If you can reach this place, then you will find peace and contentment; it is guaranteed!5. Yoga and meditation will make you a wiser personEvery one of us has made mistakes that we regret. There is nothing we can do about the past. We can’t go back in time and not make the mistakes. But what we can do is to build up our capacity to see what has permanent value and what is transitory. When we attain this state of discrimination, then we will not do actions that we will regret later on.Meditation helps a person to go beyond the “chatter” of the mind and attain a state of wisdom that will always be of help. Wisdom does not mean stuffing your mind with “facts” but it does mean to have a mind that will choose a course of action that brings about the welfare of everyone.I have a list with many more reasons why yoga and meditation are helpful, but I thought I would start off with these five reasons. So, if any one of these items are interesting for you, then why not see for yourself, and start practicing yoga and meditation?

Maternity - Facts

The first three months of pregnancy is the most crucial stage in your baby's development as all organs are forming. Throughout your pregnancy, but especially during the first three months, be very careful about using alcohol, drugs and medication. The following information outlines substances that require special precautions during pregnancy. Instructions are also given on how to keep track of fetal movements, an important sign of your baby's health.
Fish and Seafood
Fish and seafood are excellent low-fat sources of many nutrients and an important part of a healthy diet. However, there is a concern about eating fish and seafood during preganancy, since many types of fish may contain high levels of mercury. To be safe, choose wisely among types of fish.Precautions
· Eat no more than 12 ounces of cooked fish a week.
· Do not eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel or tilefish.
· Limit albacore (white) tuna (even canned) to once a week.
· If you eat fish caught by family and friends from local waters, check local advisories about the safety of fish.
· Fish sticks and fast food sandwiches are commonly made from fish low in mercury.
For more information about the risks of mercury in fish and seafood.
Alcohol
No one knows how much alcohol is safe to drink during pregnancyThe danger of alcohol use during pregnancy is that it may cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Babies born with FAS may:
· grow more slowly
· have learning problems
· have abnormal facial features
There is no cure for these problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome.Alcohol is an ingredient in many over-the-counter medicines. For example, some cough medicines are 25 percent alcohol. Ask your health care provider if you should use such products during pregnancy. Always read the label before taking any medicine. PrecautionsBecause there is no known safe level of alcohol taken during pregnancy, the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and the March of Dimes caution pregnant women to follow the safest course:
· Completely avoiding alcoholic beverages while pregnant.
· Discuss your concerns about alcohol and pregnancy with your healthcare provider.

Caffeine
Caffeine is a stimulant that affects people differently. Caffeine can cause nervousness, irritability, anxiety, irregular heartbeats and problems sleeping. How caffeine affects an unborn baby is still under investigation. Some scientists believe caffeine can cause premature or smaller than normal babies or possible birth defects.Precautions
· Cut down or eliminate food and drinks that contain caffeine such as coffee, tea, colas and other soft drinks, cocoa and chocolate.
· Caffeine is an ingredient in many non-prescription medicines such as headache, cold, allergy, and pills made to combat drowsiness.
· If you have been consuming caffeine in large quantities, gradually decrease your intake. Stopping all at once can cause severe headaches, nausea, fatigue and other symptoms. Check with your health care provider for more information.

Cigarettes
Cigarette smoking may lead to serious health problems. Women who smoke during pregnancy usually give birth to babies that weigh less than those of women who don't smoke. Low birthweight babies are more likely to have health problems such as:
· Infections
· Trouble keeping warm
· Feeding problems
· Breathing problems.
· Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
New research shows that exposure to second hand smoke is also linked to SIDS and can cause major health problems to your baby.Precautions
· Stop smoking or cut down your smoking when pregnant. There are many community programs available to assist you. Call the American Cancer Society for information on Smoke-Stopper Programs in your area.
· Avoid smokers and smoking areas whenever possible.

Food Additives
PrecautionsWhenever possible, try to minimize your use of
· Processed food items (such as hot dogs)
· Foods containing sodium nitrate, such as cured meats (hams, bacon, etc.); these substances may be carcinogenic (cancer-causing).
· Be sure to wash fruit and peel carrots to avoid eating pesticides used on farms to kill insects.

Food Handling Concerns
Eating raw fish, meats or poultry may increase your risk of infection or parasitic disease. Cooking food destroys bacteria and parasites. Milk that is not pasteurized may also cause illness.Precautions
· Avoid eating raw fish (sushi), meats or eggs.
· Only drink pasturised milk.
· Cook your fish, meat, poultry and eggs thoroughly.
· Always wash cutting boards after slicing any raw fish, meats, or poultry.
Recommendations
· Run plastic cutting boards through the dishwasher.
· Microwave wooden boards for five minutes.

Medications and Herbs
Some medications and herbs may harm your baby. Before taking any medication or medicinal herbs during your pregnancy, ask your health care provider these questions:
· What is this medicine/herb?
· What does it treat?
· What are the side effects my baby or I may experience?
· What is the smallest effective dose?
· How long will I need to take this medication?
PrecautionsBe cautious about using medicines that contain multiple ingredients. They are more likely to contain extra substances, that may harm your baby.

Saunas and Hot Tubs
Avoid saunas and hot tubs that maintain a temperature greater than body temperature. They can potentially cause overheating and possible affect the development of your baby.PrecautionsAvoid possible overheating. Check with your health care provider for recommendations.

Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is a condition caused by a parasite found in cat feces, plant soil, and raw or undercooked meat. The parasite can cause brain damage in a developing baby if the mother becomes infected during pregnancy.Precautions
· Avoid contact with cat feces. Have someone else change the litter box.
· Wash dirt from fresh produce before eating.
· Use gloves when you garden.
· A blood test is available to determine if you have been exposed to toxoplasmosis. Ask your health care provider for more information.
· Cook all meat to at least medium, preferably well done.

Video Display Terminals (VDTs)
At this time, there are no solid research findings regarding the effects of computer monitors or Video Display Terminals (VDT) on a developing baby.Precautions
· Reduce your exposure to VDT's whenever possible.
· Be sure to take frequent stretch breaks and look away from the computer screen whenever possible.

Other Precautions and Concerns
Fetal Solvent Syndrome - Risk for Major Birth DefectrsExposure to chemicals may cause birth defects. Talk with your health care provider if you are concerned about exposure to chemicals in your environment.Rh Negative Mothers and RhogamIf you (mother) are Rh negative and your baby's blood is Rh positive there is an Rh incompatibility. Because some of the baby's red blood cells leak into your system, your body will produce antibodies to fight the Rh factor as if it were a harmful substance. These antibodies will remain in your body and may affect your next baby. If you are Rh negative, you will be given an injection of Rhogam at about 28 weeks of pregnancy, and within 72 hours after a birth, miscarriage, abortion or amniocentesis. The Rhogam will prevent your body from making these harmful antibodies. If your baby is Rh negative, you will not need Rhogam after delivery. Talk with your health care provider for more information.PreeclampsiaPreeclampsia is also called Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) or toxemia. The cause of preeclampsia is unknown. It occurs in 5% of pregnancies and is most common in:
· First pregnancies
· Twin or other multiple pregnancies
· Women with high blood pressure before 20 weeks of pregnancy
· Teenage pregnancies
· Women with diabetes
· Women who have had preeclampsia during a previous pregnancy
Symptoms of preeclampsia include a rise in blood pressure, protein in your urine and rapid weight gain due to fluid retention. If left untreated, preeclampsia can cause many problems that could be life threatening to you and your baby. Early preeclampsia can be diagnosed during a routine visit with your health care provider. Call your health care provider immediately if you experience blurred vision, headache, upper abdominal pain, rapid weight gain or increased swelling.Gestational DiabetesGestational diabetes only occurs during pregnancy. The changes in your body during pregnancy can cause your blood sugar (glucose) levels to be high, which can cause problems for you and your baby. You will receive specific education on how to care for yourself if you develop gestational diabetes. It is very important to follow the diet, exercise, and blood sugar monitoring plans given to you.Gestational diabetes is most likely to develop if you:
· Are overweight
· Have a family history of diabetes
· Gave birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more
· Had a baby who died before birth
· Had gestational diabetes in the past
· Are of Latin, American Indian, African, Asian or Pacific Islander descent
You and your baby may have the following problems if you don't keep your blood sugar under control:
· Baby
· Big baby
· Premature birth
· Jaundice
· Low blood sugar
· Stillborn (although this is rare)
· Mother
· High blood pressure
· Bladder or kidney infection
· Shortness of breath
· Harder birth and longer recovery time
· Increased chance of c-section delivery


Learning you are pregnant is a joyous occasion. For the next nine months, you will go through many changes. Although each woman's pregnancy is different, this month-by-month guide can help you plan for some of the changes that may occur.
Month One, Two, and Three
Your BodyBy the end of the third month, you may have gained several pounds. You may feel very tired due to hormonal changes. Plan to get extra rest, sneaking in naps when you can and slow down. You should feel more energetic by the end of the third month.You may need to urinate more frequently now. This is common during the first trimester of pregnancy, and again right before your baby is born.For greater comfort, start wearing loosely fitting clothes.See your health care provider by the second month to confirm your pregnancy. Regular check-ups will be scheduled for your prenatal care."Morning Sickness"Nausea sometimes occurs early in pregnancy and usually goes away after the third month. Although it is called "morning sickness," it can happen any time of the day or night or you may never experience nausea.Suggestions for nausea and vomittingYour DietCalcium, Fruits and Vegetables and WaterCalcium is very important for both you and your baby's bones and teeth. An easy way to include calcium in your diet is to eat and drink pasturized dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt and ice cream.Eat plenty of raw fruits and vegetables, whole grain breads and bran cereal to make sure your bowel movements are regular. Be sure to drink plenty of water. Your FeelingsTalk to your partner about how you are feeling. Ask for help, especially if you are tired. During this time you may be feel overweight and clumsy. Remember the extra weight is preparing your body for pregnancy and breastfeeding.During pregnancy, it is common to have mood swings in your feelings about sex. It is not harmful to have sexual relations during pregnancy, but check with your healthcare provider about sexual activity during this time.

Month Four
Your BodyYou may notice that you have more energy. Nausea and fatigue may stop. You may also notice that your belly looks larger because the baby has grown.Your DietDuring pregnancy, your need for iron increases. To be sure you get enough iron, eat meats, leafy green vegetables, whole grain breads, dried fruits and beans.Childbirth Preparation ClassesChildbirth classes should begin in month seven. Register now since classes fill up early.

Month Five
Your BodyChanges in your circulation require that you to stand and move often. Continue to do this throughout the remainder of your pregnancy. Your breasts may begin to leak a yellowish fluid called colostrum in preparation for breastfeeding and you may begin to feel the baby move during this month.Your DietBe sure to eat food rich in Vitamin C. Your body does not store Vitamin C, so it is important to get a fresh supply every day. Good sources of Vitamin C are oranges, broccoli, and tomatoes.Choosing a Health Care Provider for your BabyBefore you are admitted to the hospital to the hospital, you need to decide who will care for your baby after the delivery. This is a good time in your pregnancy to start looking for a health care provider for your baby if you have not already chosen one. Talk to your friends and ask them if they are happy with the health care provider who cares for their children. Many pediatricians and family care physicians will meet with you before your baby is born and let you interview them. It is a good idea to select someone that close to where you live!

Month Six
Your BodyYou may gain 3-4 pounds this month. Your feet may swell during the latter stages of pregnancy. Putting your feet up may help reduce any ankle swelling. Shop for wide, comfortable shoes, preferably with a flat heel.Your DietYou may crave certain foods or find that other foods smell or taste bad, even if you like them before you were pregnant. If this happens, try to find substitutes that provide the right nutrients.Hospital Pre-RegistrationIf you have not already pre-registered at the hospital you will be delivering at, this is a good time to do so.. If you are delivering at a non-Sutter Health hospital, check with your health care provider or call the hospital directly for pre-registration information.

Month Seven
Your BodyYou may gain 3-4 pounds this month. You may tire more easily. Again, ask for help. If you work, try to work shorter hours or a more flexible schedule if possible. Rest when you can.Your FeelingsMood swings and increased irritability are common during the last three months of pregnancy. Be sure to discuss your feelings with your partner.Childbirth Preparation ClassesBegin childbirth preparation classes with your partner. These classes provide useful information on labor and birth, and what to expect.

Month Eight
Your BodyYou may gain 3-4 pounds this month. Increases in frequency of urination, backaches, anxiety, heartburn, and shortness of breath occur at this time. Shop for larger maternity clothes, if necessary. You will be growing quite a bit these last few weeks.Your DietWhat you eat is still important. If you have trouble sleeping, try drinking something warm and lying on your side with pillows to support your body. Taking a warm shower before bed also helps to relax you and make you sleepy.

Month Nine
Your BodyYou may gain 3-4 pounds this month. Your stomach may change shape as the baby begins to position itself for birth. It may be easier to breathe now, but you may have to urinate more often. Get plenty of rest!Hospital StayMake arrangements for your hospital stay. Keep important phone numbers and papers close by. Pack your bag for the hospital, and plan how you will get there at different times of the day or night. Make sure you have everything you will need when you come home from the hospital, such as food and diapers.

The following guidelines were developed to help you get the best possible nutrition for you and your baby. However, the guidelines are only recommendations and may need to be adjusted if you are under or overweight, unable to eat, have special dietary needs or allergies; or if you are carrying more than one baby. If you are concerned about weight gain or need help using a food guide, talk to your health care provider about seeing a prenatal nutritionist with your health care provider.
Food Guidelines
Health weight gain: 28-40 pounds (depending on pre-pregnant weight)Key nutritients
· Protein
· Folic acid and other vitamins
· Calcium
· Micronutrients, including iron.
Food servings recommended per day:
· 6-11 breads and cereals
· 3-5 vegetables
· 2-4 fruits
· 2-3 protein/protein alternates (6-9 oz per day)
· 2-3 dairy
· Drink 8 or more large glasses of water

Recommended Weight Gain during Pregnancy
Weight gain usually occurs at a smooth, gradual rate during pregnancy. For the first three months, expect to gain a total of 2 to 5 pounds. During the remaining six months, the normal rate of weight gain is about 2 to 6 pounds per month, or one pound per week. The average expected weight gain is 25 to 35 pounds if you begin a pregnancy at a desirable weight and are carrying only one baby. A variety of weight gain levels can result in healthy babies. What is important is to gain enough weight to keep you and your baby healthy. The amount of weight gain needed depends on your height and weight before becoming pregnant.Range of Weight Gain*
· If you start pregnancy underweight, the recommended total weight gain is: 28-40 pounds.
· If you start pregnancy at desirable weight, the recommended total weight gain is: 25-35 pounds.
· If you start pregnancy overweight, the recommended total weight gain is: 15-25 pounds.
· If you start pregnancy very overweight, the recommended total weight gain is: at least 15 pounds.
· If you are pregnant with twins, the recommended total weight gain is: 35-45 pounds.
* Women who are shorter than 5'2" should gain weight within the lower ranges. Teenagers and women who smoke should gain weight within the upper ranges. You never want to lose weight while pregnant.

A Note on the Pyschological Aspects of Pregnancy Weight Changes
The topic of weight and weight gain can be a source of concern and anxiety for some women. However, pregnancy is the ideal time to embrace your body as it gradually changes in shape and size. Remember, pregnancy is a temporary state. With good nutrition and exercise, there is every reason to expect that you will return to your pre-pregnancy weight after your baby is born and your body has recovered from the birth.
Pregnancy is a time of both physical and emotional changes. Aside from the obvious changes in your body shape, the size of your uterus and shifts in your hormonal levels and metabolism can contribute to various physical and emotional discomforts.The pregnancy discomforts mentioned below are common; however, they are not experienced by all pregnant women and may not be a part of your pregnancy. It is important to remember that:1. You may need to try more than one remedy before you find one that works for you.2. Good nutrition is especially important for a comfortable and healthy pregnancy.3. Eating well can minimize discomforts and help your body cope with the stresses of daily life.4. If you have a physical discomfort that is severe or does not go away, contact your health care provider.5. If you have a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or asthma, it is very important to see your health care provider throughout your pregnancy.



Backache
Muscle Cramps
Breast Changes
Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation
Nosebleeds and Bleeding Gums
Hemorrhoids
Pelvic Discomfort or Sciatica
Frequent Urination
Shortness of Breath
Difficulty Sleeping
Skin Changes
Fatigue
Stretch Marks
Headache
Stuffy Nose/Food or Chemical Allergies
Heart Pounding
Swelling (Feet, Legs and Hands)
Heartburn or Intestinal Gas
Vaginal Discharge/Yeast Infections
Light-Headedness/Dizziness
Varicose Veins
Mood Changes


Backache
Backaches often occur as your increasing weight pulls your spine forward and shifts your center of gravity. See the section on Pelvic Discomfort or Sciatica.Suggestions
· First, consider the possibility of backache as a symptom of pre-term labor.
· Practice good posture. Tuck your buttocks under and stand straight and tall.
· Always be careful when lifting objects. Bend your knees instead of bending over at the waist. Lift with your legs instead of your back.
· Wear supportive shoes with low heels.
· Avoid standing for long periods of time. Put one foot on a step stool to relieve back stress while standing.
· Exercise at least three times a week (swim, walk, stretch).
· Join a prenatal exercise or yoga class.
· The pelvic tilt exercise may help reduce discomfort.
· Consider wearing a maternity support belt to help relieve some of the pressure. Maternity pants with a low, supportive waistband may also be helpful.
· Apply heat using warm bath soaks, warm wet towels, a hot water bottle or heating pad.
· Get a back massage.
· Rest
· If the pain continues, ask your health care provider for a referral to a physical therapist.
· Avoid medications. No medications are considered 100% safe for use during pregnancy. Aspirin and other painkillers, such as ibuprofen, may be harmful to your baby. Ask your health care provider about acetominophen (such as Tylenol).


Breast Changes
In preparation for producing milk, your breasts will increase in size during pregnancy as your milk glands enlarge and fatty tissue increases. They may become tender and more sensitive and may tingle with temperature change or touch. As your blood supply increases, the blood vessels enlarge, bluish veins may appear on your breasts. The areola and nipple also darken and the Montgomery glands, the small pores around the areola, enlarge. Some women will notice a substance leaking from the nipple in the last three months of pregnancy. This is colostrum, which is produced before breast milk is. If you do not leak colostrum in the last part of pregnancy do not worry that you may not be able to produce breast milk.Suggestions
· Wear a supportive bra to ease the strain on your breasts and back muscles as your breasts become heavy. You may be more comfortable sleeping in a bra.
· Wear disposable or washable breast pads if you are leaking colostrum.
· Avoid soap on your areola and nipple, as this tends to dry out the skin. Use warm water to keep the area clean.
· If you are leaking, allow your breasts to air dry a few times a day and after a shower.
· Cotton bras are preferable to those made of synthetic fabrics because cotton allows the skin to breathe. If you plan to nurse your baby, your nursing bras will probably be about one cup size larger than those you need in late pregnancy so purchase your nursing bras in your ninth month.

Constipation
During pregnancy, your digestive system slows down due to hormonal influences and your digestive organs are displaced due to the growing uterus. You may also become constipated from irregular eating habits, changes in environment, stress, and added calcium and iron in your diet. Some medications, too little exercise and not enough fiber and liquids may also contribute to the problem. Constipation refers only to bowel movements that are hard in consistency or painful. Infrequent bowel movements are not unusual.Suggestions
· Drink plenty of liquids, especially water (at least eight 8-ounce glasses daily).
· Get more exercise, pelvic tilt, and especially walking for at least 30 minutes a day.
· Add high fiber foods to your diet. Eat raw or cooked fruits and vegetables, dried fruit (especially prunes), prune juice, bran (3 tablespoons daily), beans and whole grain products (such as whole wheat bread, brown rice and oatmeal).
· Eat small, frequent meals and thoroughly chew your food.
· Iron supplements can cause constipation. If you need to take iron supplements, take them with prune juice.
· Avoid using any type of laxative other than bulk producing ones, stool softeners or enemas unless under the supervision of your health care provider.
· Drink a glass of water before going to bed to help relieve constipation.


Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are varicose veins in the rectal area caused by the increased blood volume and additional weight of pregnancy. They may itch or burn during bowel movements, and sometimes bleed slightly. Suggestions
· Since constipation can make hemorrhoids worse, try to avoid becoming constipated.
· Use bulk producing laxatives. Check with your health care provider before taking any.
· Avoid sitting on the toilet for long periods of time or straining while having bowel movements. Put your feet upon a stool to reduce straining.
· Pads of witch hazel may help relieve pain and itching. It can be very helpful to refrigerate the pads, as they may be more soothing when applied cold.
· An ice pack applied to hemorrhoids may bring some relief. Avoid hemorrhoid medicines that contain local anesthetics that may be harmful to your unborn baby.
· A 15-20 minute warm bath three or four times each day relieves hemorrhoid discomfort.
· Do Kegel exercises regularly.
· Avoid using a "doughnut" to sit on as this decreases blood circulation.
If these suggestions do not work for you, check with your health care provider.

Frequent Urination
This is a problem in the first 3 and last 3 months of pregnancy. As the uterus grows it places pressure on the bladder and even more so when the baby drops. In the last part of pregnancy, it is very common to leak a small amount of urine anytime you cough, sneeze or laugh too hard. Frequent urination almost always goes away following delivery.Suggestions
· Do the Kegel exercise - Squeeze the muscles around the vagina tightly (as though you were stopping the flow of urine midstream) for a few seconds and then relax. Repeat this 10 times. Do a set of Kegels at least 5 times a day.


Difficulty Sleeping
During pregnancy, some women have trouble falling or staying asleep. In the early months, trouble sleeping may be part of your body's adjustment to pregnancy. During the last few months, your increased size may make your normal sleeping position difficult, and the baby's kicking may wake you up during the night. Also, increased bladder pressure may cause you to wake up often during the night.Suggestions
· Exercise daily
· Take a warm, relaxing bath before bed.
· Drink hot water with lemon or warm milk before going to bed. You may also try eating crackers or toast with a glass of milk before bed.
· Reduce any noise or lighting which might keep you awake.
· Avoid eating a big meal within two hour period before going to bed.
· Do childbirth preparation exercises such as deep breathing or other relaxation techniques.
· Experiment to find the most comfortable sleeping positions. Lie on your side and place several pillows between your knees.
· Avoid sleeping on your back starting the 20th week of pregnancy. The combined weight of your uterus and baby compress the major vessels which supply blood to the placenta and lower part of your body. This could cause decrease the oxygen supply to your baby.
· Get a massage.
· Read a novel or other book of interest.
· Avoid products that contain caffeine as they may keep you awake and may also harm your baby.
· Try to develop a regular sleeping schedule and routine.
· Plan for naps or short rest periods during the day whenever possible.
· If you are unable to sleep, relax and do not worry. Sleeping patterns change in late pregnancy due to hormones. This can cause you to sleep for only 2-3 hours at a time, which is very normal. Your wakefulness may be your body's way of preparing you for the new changes in your life.
· Avoid all sleeping medications. There are no safe medications to relieve sleeping difficulties during pregnancy. Some sleeping aid products contain multiple ingredients, some of which harm your baby.


Fatigue
Women often feel more tired than usual and need extra sleep during pregnancy. During the early months, fatigue is caused by natural hormonal changes as your body adjusts to pregnancy. During the last month or two, carrying the extra weight of the baby will be tiring. Fatigue is an important sign from your body that you need extra rest. Listen to your body and do not push yourself!Suggestions
· Accept the fact that you need extra rest and pace your daily life accordingly.
· Take naps when you feel tired. Sit down and put your feet up.
· Try a rest break instead of a coffee break.
· Caffeine and other stimulants may increase fatigue and be harmful
· Eat small, well-balanced meals several times a day.
· Exercise regularly. This will make you less, not more, tired.
· Avoid taking on extra responsibilities during this time in your life.
· Be sure to consume enough calories, iron, and folic acid.
· Avoid all medications for fatigue. There are no safe medicines you can take for fatigue during pregnancy.
·
If the above suggestions do not work for you, discuss your concerns with your health care provider.

Headache
The increased blood volume and hormonal changes of pregnancy may cause headaches. Stuffy nose, fatigue, eyestrain, anxiety or tension may also increase the frequency of headaches.Suggestions
· Try to determine what triggers your headaches (coffee, cigarette smoke, stuffy rooms, fluorescent lights, eye strain, etc.) and avoid them whenever possible.
· Apply a cool, wet washcloth or ice pack to your forehead and the back of your neck. (A warm cloth works better for some people.)
· Try to get plenty of sleep every night, and rest during the day when possible.
· Try to eat something every 2-3 hours.
· Drink plenty of liquids.
· Take a warm shower or relaxing bath.
· Massage your neck, shoulders, face and scalp, or ask a friend to give you a massage.
· Try to find a quiet, dimly lit place to relax.
· Get some fresh air or take a walk.
· Use meditation, self hypnosis techniques.
Contact your health care provider immediately if you are have headaches that are severe, frequent, long-lasting, or accompanied by blurred vision (spots, blurred, lights flashing,) or edema (swelling). Avoid all headache medications until you have spoken to your health care provider. No painkiller is considered 100 percent safe. Painkillers such as aspirin and ibuprofen may be harmful if taken during pregnancy. Aspirin taken in the last three months of pregnancy may increase your risk of bleeding.

Heart Pounding
Occasional heart palpitations are usually a normal response of your body to the extra blood volume, additional weight and extra energy used during pregnancy.Suggestions
· When you feel your heart pounding, let go of tension throughout your body. Start at your head and relax each part of your body until you reach your toes. Take slow, deep breaths.
· Limit activities that require a lot of energy and effort.
· Contact your health care provider if you feel your heart pounding often or irregularly.


Heartburn or Intestinal Gas
Pregnant women may get heartburn because the stomach muscles relax and food tends to back up. Sometimes the stomach makes more acid during pregnancy. The growing baby, pressing against the stomach, can force acid upward causing heartburn. Suggestions
· Greasy, fried or highly seasoned foods may produce heartburn. Determine which foods give you heartburn and avoid them.
· Avoid both coffee and cigarettes, as they irritate the stomach making heartburn worse.
· Eat several small meals a day, rather than three large meals.
· To help coat your stomach and esophagus, try sipping water, milk, carbonated water or papaya juice. You can also try eating 1/2 tablespoon of yogurt, heavy cream, Half/Half, or a small dish of vanilla ice cream.
· Drink plenty of liquids, especially water (eight to ten 8-ounce glasses daily).
· Wear clothing that is loose around your waist.
· Do not lie down directly after eating. When you do lie down to sleep or rest, use pillows to slightly raise up your head.
· Avoid acidic foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, red peppers, and chocolate. They can cause heartburn.
· To reduce heartburn try the "flying exercise". While standing, raise and lower your arms quickly, bringing the backs of your hands together over your head. Repeat several times.
· A leisurely walk reduces heartburn for some women; for others, sitting quietly and breathing deeply is helpful.
· Antacids may bring relief from heartburn by reducing stomach acid. Consult with your health care provider before taking any antacids. Ask for which ones are low in salt. Use antacids only occasionally, as they contain minerals that may be harmful in large amounts.
If none of these suggestions work for you, talk to your health care provider.

Light-Headedness/Dizziness
Light-headedness and/or dizziness are normal when you get up quickly. These symptoms may also result from lack of fluids, low blood sugar or anemia (a lower than normal number of red blood cells).Suggestions
· Change positions slowly. Move from lying down to sitting, and then wait a minute before standing up.
· Avoid standing up for long periods of time.
· Take frequent rest periods.
· Eat healthy foods high in iron in frequent, small amounts throughout the day.
· Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water per day. If your health care provider determines that you are anemic, iron supplements or a change in diet may be recommended.


Mood Changes
Being pregnant can lead to many conflicting emotions and mood changes. Many women are subject to sudden outbursts of emotion that can be caused by several factors including fatigue, stress and hormonal changes.Suggestions
· Talk over your feelings and concerns with a trusted person.
· Consider joining a pregnancy support group.
· Continue with activities that you enjoy. This is a great time for you and your partner to spend time together before the baby arrives.
· Take time to pamper yourself. Hair and nails often grow quickly during pregnancy Experiment with a new haircut and have a manicure.
· Exercise on a regular basis. You may find prenatal exercise classes to be a valuable source of support from other pregnant mothers.
· Avoid becoming overly tired. Take naps on a regular basis whenever possible. Even a 15-minute rest break can help.
· Be sure your diet is healthy and that you have enough protein and iron every day.
· Attend classes, read books, and watch videos on various aspects of pregnancy, childbirth preparation and newborn care. Knowing what to expect will help ease tension. Two books to consider reading are:
·

Muscle Cramps
Muscle cramps are common during pregnancy, but the cause is difficult to determine. Possible causes include a calcium imbalance, pointing your toes when you stretch and decreased circulation in your legs.Suggestions
· Be sure to include enough calcium (1,000mg) in your diet. Dairy products are an excellent source of calcium (3-4 glasses of milk or the equivalent). Non-dairy sources of calcium include tofu, blackstrap molasses and dark-green, leafy vegetables, such as broccoli, okra. A traditional Chinese practice of making soups from bones and one tablespoon of cider vinegar is another way of adding calcium to your diet.(
· Exercise to increase the circulation in your legs.
· Elevate your legs as often as possible.
· Keep your legs warm.
· Take a warm bath before you go to bed.
· Do not point your toes when you stretch. Instead flex your feet by pulling your toes toward your knees.
· Avoid lying on your back as this can decrease the circulation to your legs.
· Loosen the bedding at the foot of your bed.
· Before going to bed, stretch your calf muscles. Try leg lunges:
· Stand in a lunge position with one foot well in front of the other.
· Keep your back leg straight with your heel flat on the floor.
· Gradually bend your front leg at the knee and lean forward. You can use your arms for balance by placing your hands against a wall.
· Hold for a few seconds and repeat.
· Switch legs.
What to do when you have a leg cramp:
· Sit down on the floor with your legs straight (do not lock your knees) and flex your toes toward your knees. You can accomplish the same thing by sitting on the floor and putting a long towel or scarf around the ball of your foot. Hold on to both ends of the towel or scarf and gently pull it towards your body. An elastic exercise band also works well for this.
· Massage the cramped muscles. Sometimes applying an ice pack is more effective.
· When you can, stand up and walk around.
· Soak your cramped muscles in warm water, or use a heating pad or hot water bottle.
· Avoid all medicines for leg cramps. There are no safe medicines you can take for leg cramps during a pregnancy.
If the suggestions above do not work for you, consult your health care provider.

Nausea and Vomiting
Nausea sometimes occurs early in pregnancy and usually goes away after the third month. Although it is called "morning sickness," it can happen any time of the day or night or you may never experience nausea. Suggestions
· Eat a piece of bread or a few crackers before you get out of bed in the morning or when you feel nauseous. Put them close to your bed the night before.
· Get out of bed slowly. Avoid sudden movements.
· Suck on a fresh lemon, or inhale the scent of a freshly cut lemon.
· Eat small meals several times during the day so your stomach does not remain empty for long periods of time (Six small meals instead of three larger ones).
· Eat high-protein meals (lean meats, vegetable proteins, beans, legumes), complex carbohydrate foods (crackers, breads, potatoes, rice) and fruit and fruit juices. Such foods help prevent low blood-sugar levels which can cause nausea.
· Drink soups and other liquids between meals, rather than with meals.
· Avoid greasy or fried foods. These foods are hard to digest and may cause nausea. Even cooking certain foods for others can cause nausea in some women. Open windows or use the exhaust fan to get rid of odors.
· Eat lightly seasoned foods and avoid spicy foods.
· Sip soda water (carbonated water or ginger ale) when you feel nauseated. Try plain cola syrup.
· Drink herbal teas such as ginger, spearmint, peppermint, raspberry leaf. Some herbs are not suitable to use during pregnancy. Check with your health care provider.
· Fresh air may help. Take a short walk or try sleeping with a window open.
· Try sucking on cold foods such as popsicle's or ice.
· Try using motion bands on your wrists.
If you cannot stop vomitting or keep fluids down, contact your healthcare provider.

Nosebleeds and Bleeding Gums
Nasal membranes become swollen due to increased blood volume during pregnancy and may cause nosebleeds in some women. An increase in hormones during pregnancy, as well as the increase in blood volume, may cause tenderness, swelling and bleeding of your gums. A lack of vitamin C in your diet may also contribute to this condition.Suggestions
· During a nosebleed, lie down and apply pressure and cold compresses to your nose.
· Use a humidifier if the air in your home tends to be very dry. A higher level of humidity in your surroundings will help decrease the chance of nosebleeds. Use a humidifier if the air in your home tends to be very dry.
· Try a thin coating of petroleum jelly in each nostril, especially at bedtime.
· Continue practicing good oral hygiene.
· Vitamin C promotes strong tissues. Make sure you are getting enough in the foods you eat. However, avoid taking too many vitamin supplements. Consult with your health care provider for recommendations.

Lower Abdominal and Pelvic Discomfort
During pregnancy, the pelvic joints relax in order to increase the size and flexibility of the pelvis in preparation for birth. This may cause pressure on the sciatic nerve and may lead to pain in the pelvic area, down the thigh and into the leg.At times a discomfort known as "Round Ligament Pain" can take your breath away. You may be walking and suddenly feel a "knife stabbing" pain on one or both sides of your lower abdomen or groin. Or you may feel a spasm in your vagina or rectum. As quickly as it came on, it may go away. There are ligaments that hold the uterus in place, one is on both sides of the uterus and a third going across the pelvic floor. As the uterus grows, these ligaments stretch like a rubber band. Any sudden movement or position change can cause them to spasm.Suggestions
· A heating pad, hot water bottle or ice pack applied to the painful area may bring some relief.
· Massage may be helpful.
· Experiment with different sleeping positions to find the one that is most comfortable for you. Try sleeping on your side, with one leg forward supported on a pillow and the other back, as if you were running.
· Use proper body mechanics when lifting, bending and stretching during your pregnancy and after you deliver.
· The pelvic tilt may be helpful in reducing discomfort.
· Consider wearing a maternity support belt to help relieve some of the pressure.
If the suggestions above do not work for you, contact your health care provider.Call your heatlh care provider immediately if you have abdominal pain and it continues or becomes stronger as time goes on. If you cannot contact your health care provider, go to the hospital.

Shortness of Breath
Your growing uterus puts pressure on your internal organs and diaphragm, which leaves less room for your lungs to expand and leads to shortness of breath. Going up a flight of stairs is tough towards the end of pregnancy and you will find it harder to breathe. At night, it becomes harder to find a comfortable position where you can breathe easily.Suggestions
· Hold your arms over your head. This raises your rib cage and temporarily gives you more breathing space.
· Try sleeping with your head elevated by pillows.
· Practice very slow deep breathing while relaxing. It will help you use your lung space to its greatest capacity.
· Slow down when climbing stairs.
In the last few weeks of pregnancy, lightening occurs, which is when the baby drops into the pelvis. Once this happens, the pressure is off the diaphragm and your lungs will have more room and breathing becomes much easier.

Skin Changes
Due to hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, it is normal to have a brown coloring on your cheeks, nose and forehead. This is known as chloasma or "the mask of pregnancy". It is also normal for your nipples to become darker and to have a dark line on your abdomen from your navel down to your pubic bone (the linea nigra). Be reassured that the hormone that causes this increase in pigmentation and discoloration will decrease after your baby is born. The discoloration will fade or disappear after delivery. Some women will have a problem with acne or skin breakouts during pregnancy. Do not take any oral medications for this problem without your health care provider's advice.Suggestions
· Avoid sunburn, which may deepen skin coloring.
· For acne or breakouts, wash your face as you normally would.


Stretch Marks/Itching
About 90% of pregnant women experience stretch marks. There is nothing you can put on your skin to prevent stretch marks. Stretch marks are a type of scar tissue which forms when the skin's normal elasticity is not sufficient to accommodate the stretching required during pregnancy. Excessive weight gain in pregnancy is the most common cause for stretch marks. Stretch marks occur most often on the abdomen, but some women also develop them on their thighs, upper arms and breasts. Fair-haired women, blondes and redheads tend to have very red looking stretch marks. Brunettes may get them as well. Although stretch marks may not disappear entirely after delivery, those that remain usually fade to a lighter, silvery color.Suggestions
· Ensure that your diet contains enough foods high in protein. This will help your skin stay healthy.
· Keeping your skin soft and moisturized will not prevent stretch marks, but it may help minimize itching. Try a gentle massage with a moisturizing lotion.
ItchingItching is a common discomfort of pregnancy that is usually caused by stretching of the growing abdomen and the hormones of pregnancy. Those who have dry skin or eczema may find these conditions worsen during pregnancy.Suggestions
· Avoid hot showers (this may dry skin out).
· Use lots of lotion; unscented is better.
· Take an oatmeal bath once or twice a week.
· Wear loose clothing.
· Avoid going out in the heat of the day.
Some women may develop welts in the last month or two of pregnancy. They usually begin on the stomach by the stretch marks and later spread to the thighs and upper arms. This can be very itchy but won't harm you or your baby. Topical ointments can be prescribed to relieve the itching.Contact your health care provider if you have severe itching with no rash in the last month or two of pregancy.

Stuffy Nose/Food or Chemical Allergies
Sometimes a stuffy nose and allergies occur during pregnancy even among women who have not experienced them before. Consult with your healthcare provider about the use of antihistamines.Suggestions
· Try to determine what you are allergic to, and avoid it if possible.
· Smoking or being in a smoke-filled room can make your allergies worse.
· Breathing steam from a hot shower, a pot of boiling water (removed from the stove first) or a vaporizer may help clear a stuffy nose. If you use a vaporizer, be sure to keep it clean since bacteria and mold can grow in vaporizers. A cool mist humidifier may also bring relief.
· Place warm, moist towels on your face to make it easier to cough and clear your chest. If you have a cold, try drinking hot soups.
· Salt-water nose drops (made from 1/4 teaspoon of salt dissolved in 1 cup of warm water) may be helpful. Make a fresh solution each time you need to use the drops.
· Use finger pressure or massage your sinuses. Rub on the bony ridge above and under your eyebrows, under your eyes and down the sides of your nose.
Medicines to Avoid
· Avoid using nasal sprays or drops (except salt-water drops). They work by shrinking blood vessels and may affect your whole body and your baby.
· Do not take cold or allergy medicines without consulting your healthcare provider.


Swelling (Feet, Legs and Hands)
During pregnancy, it is normal to experience swelling of the feet, legs and hands that makes your skin feel tight. The amount of blood in your body increases about 40 percent. In addition, your body naturally holds water. Your heart needs to work harder to circulate this extra fluid. For about one out of three women, swelling of the hands and feet occurs during the last three months of pregnancy and is often greater during hot weather. Some swelling or puffiness is not unusual or serious, but it can be uncomfortable.Suggestions
· Eat foods high in protein, such as beans, cheese, fish, meat, poultry and tofu.
· Try to avoid standing for long periods of time.
· Drink the fresh juice of a lemon in a cup of warm water to help decrease the extra fluid your body retains.
· Rest two or three times a day with your legs elevated higher than your heart. Lie down with pillows under your calves and feet. Lying down on your left side is better for circulation.
· Avoid wearing tight clothing (pants, leotards, knee-high stockings). Varicose veins may be associated with swelling.
· Exercise regularly by walking or swimming.
· Try submerging in water to your shoulders. The water should be no warmer than body temperature.
· Avoid sitting with your legs crossed. Use a footstool when sitting and perform ankle circles whenever possible.
· Check your fluid intake-drink to thirst.
Puffiness of the eyelids, face and fingers, when accompanied by high blood pressure or headaches, or blurred vision, or spots in your vision may be a sign of a more serious condition called Preeclampsia also called Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH). Be aware of the warning signs, and contact your health care provider immediately if you have these symptoms or are concerned. Preeclampsia is a condition only related to pregnancy and needs medical attention.Medicines to Avoid
· There are no safe medications to take for swelling during pregnancy.
· Diuretics or "water pills" can cause an imbalance in the salt and potassium levels in your body, and this can be dangerous for you and your baby.

Vaginal Discharge/Yeast Infections
Increased blood supply and hormones during pregnancy cause the vagina to increase its normal secretions and alter its chemistry (pH). This can create an ideal condition for the common vaginal infection, monilia (yeast), to grow.Suggestions
· Wear skirts rather than slacks.
· Wear 100% cotton underwear.
· Avoid douching during pregnancy unless advised by your healthcare provider.
· Call your health care provider if the discharge burns, itches, smalls, or causes genital swelling.
· Consider eating yogurt on a daily basis to increase the amount of helpful bacteria in your system.
Medicines to Avoid
· Pregnancy limits the choice of medications that are safe to use to treat yeast infections. Be sure to check with your health care provider before using previously prescribed medications or over-the-counter remedies.


Varicose Veins
Varicose veins develop from weak areas in the walls of blood vessels and are due in part to heredity. The veins may swell in the leg and groin area. This is common during pregnancy and may be caused by the pressure and weight of the baby and uterus.Suggestions
· Exercise regularly. Walking and swimming are ideal for improving circulation.
· Avoid clothing that binds or is tight, especially knee-high stockings. Tight clothing may decrease blood circulation in your legs.
· Wear support hose when you plan on standing or walking for a long time. Put them on before getting out of bed in the morning. NOTE: Some health insurance policies may pay for support hose if you have a prescription. Check with your insurance provider.
· Avoid standing or sitting in one place for long periods of time if possible. If you need to sit for a long time, get up occasionally and walk around. This is important during long automobile, airplane, train or bus trips.
· Avoid sitting with your legs crossed, as this decreases the circulation in your legs.
· Put your feet on a footstool when sitting.
· Lie down with your feet elevated above the level of your heart several times during the day.
· Wear shoes with well-padded soles and low heels to reduce stress on your legs from walking.
· If exercise or movement is restricted during your pregnancy, consider isometric exercises as they tone muscles and promote circulation.
You may be offered several prenatal tests throughout your pregnancy. Some tests are performed routinely on all pregnant women such as blood tests to determine blood type and iron levels. Some tests are done to screen women for a condition they or their baby are at risk for developing. Other tests such as CVS (Chorionic Villus Sampling) and amniocentesis are considerations for women 35 years of age and older or those who may be at risk of delivering a baby with certain birth defects. Some tests are done later in pregnancy to measure the baby's well-being and to make sure that the baby is growing and developing at the expected rate.The following is a brief description of some of the more common prenatal tests. Your health care provider, and sometimes a genetic counselor, can help you determine which tests might be recommended for your pregnancy and help you in making decisions.
 Routine Blood Tests
 Triple Marker
 Expanded Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
 Ultrasound (sonogram)
 Nuchal Translucency (NT) Screening
 Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
 Amniocentesis
 Genetic Screening
 Third Trimester Tests for Your Baby
 Group B Streptococcal Disease (GBS)
 Fetal Movement Counting
First Trimester
Routine Blood Tests
During your pregnancy, your health care provider will order routine laboratory tests that require small samples of blood be drawn.Blood tests are performed to determine/screen for:
· Blood type (A, B, AB or O)
· Rh factor (Rh positive or Rh negative)
· Anemia
· Rubella immunity status
· Diabetes
· Hepatitis screen
· Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that cause Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS
· Sexually transmitted diseases as recommended by your health care provider
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)/Drug TestingYour health care provider may recommend other tests be done during your pregnancy to screen for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and/or drugs. Scome of the most common STDs include:
· Gonorrha
· Chlamydia
· Genital herpes
· Trichomoniasis
· Hepatitis C

Second Trimester
Triple Marker
The Triple Market is a screening procedure that measures the amounts of the three substances in your blood:
· Alph-fetoprotein (AFP)
· Unconjugated estriol(uEST)
· Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Studies show that women with pregnancies affected with Down Syndrom have lower serum levels of AFP and uEST and higher levels of hCG than women with unaffected pregnancies.The tests can be done using a small sample of your blood sometime between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy, counting from your last menstrual period. Results are usually available in 1-2 weeks. If the results are abnormal, further testing, such as ultrasound and amniocentesis may be suggested.


Expanded Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
Expanded AFP is a simple blood test performed between 15-20 weeks of pregnancy. The test provides information about the risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida), Down syndrome and other genetic problems.Listed below are some of the most frequently asked questions about Expanded AFP:
· Who should consider Expanded AFP? - The state of California recommends that this test be offered to all pregnant women.
· How is the screening performed? - The test is performed through a simple blood test, ordered by your obstetrician.
· What type of problems can be detected? - The test provides information about the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida, and chromosome disorders in the developing baby.
· Is the blood test ever wrong?It is important to note that the Expanded AFP test is only a screening test, not a diagnostic test. There will be a group of women who receive a false positive or "false alarm." Most women who test positive are carrying a healthy baby. The only way to tell a false positive result from a true birth defect is through diagnostic testing. Women with a positive test result are offered amniocentesis as a dianostic test. A genetic counselor can help explain the benefits and limitations of the Expanded AFP blood test compared to diagnostic tests.

Ultrasound (sonogram)
In this procedure, a device known as a transducer is placed on the your abdomen. The device directs high frequency sound waves at your developing baby. The echoes created by the sound waves are turned into visual images of baby's limbs, organs and other internal structures that can be seen on a monitor.Frequently asked questions about ultrasound:
· Will an ultrasound hurt the baby? - Extensive studies to date show no evidence of ill effects or harm to the baby by these sound waves.
· What can ultrasound detect? - An ultrasound test can detect:
· Many birth defects early in pregnancy that otherwise would go undetected until birth
· Number of babies present
· Baby's growth
· Confirmation of due date
· Placental position
· Other information about your pregnancy that can be useful to you and your health care provider

· What is a fetal echocardiogram? - It is a detailed ultrasound evaluation of the baby's heart structure. It is performed in pregnancies at increased risk for congenital heart disease. Fetal echocardiograms can detect most cases of serious, life threatening congenital heart problems.
· What is a targeted ultrasound examination? - It is an ultrasound examination looks at a specific organ system or part of the body. It is used to detect any trouble before birth in pregnancies at increased risk for specific genetic or physical problems. As with many medical tests, ultrasound is not perfect. Because of factors that can develop later in pregnancy or interfere with the ability to clearly see all of the baby's internal structures, an ultrasound will not detect all birth defects.
· Does an ultrasound hurt? - You should not feel pain of any kind as this is a non-invasive test.


Additional TestingYou may be advised by your health care provider that you need additional tests such as:
Nuchal Translucency (NT) Screening
Nuchal translucency (NT) screening is a non-invasive screening test used to determine the risk of Down syndrome. It can be performed early in pregnancy, between 11 1/2 and 14 weeks and is available to women of all ages.Frequently asked questions about NT screening:
· How is NT screening performed? - The test is a high-resolution ultrasound examination of the baby's nuchal area (a fold of skin at the back of the neck). The results are combined with the mother's age to determine the risk for Down syndrome.
· Will the test detect all cases of Down syndrome? - The detection rate for Down syndrome is about 80% for NT screening. A woman then has the option of undergoing CVS or amniocentesis for a more definitive diagnosis.
· Will this test identify Spina Bifida? - No. The ultrasound is performed too early to reliable detect this disorder.
· Can I get NT screening anywhere? - No. The screening is only available at centers that have been trained by and participate in ongoing quality assurance programs sponsored by the Fetal Medicine Foundation in London.


Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
CVS is a procedure in which a small amount of tissue (chorionic villi) is obtained from the developing placenta between 10 and 12 weeks of pregnancy. The tissue is analyzed for chromosome disorders and, if indicated, specific genetic diseases.On the positive side, CVS is performed much earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis. On the negative side, CVS does not detect neural tube defects. However, an AFP test and a high-resolution ultrasound examination can be performed later in pregnancy to screen for these defects.Frequently asked questions about CVS:
· How is CVS done? - An ultrasound examination is performed first to date the pregnancy and locate the developing placenta. The CVS sample can be obtained in two ways depending on the structure of the uterus and the position of the placenta. During transcervical CVS, a thin hollow tube that is inserted through the vagina and cervix to reach the chorionic villi. Ultrasound is used to guide the tube to the edge of the developing placenta. A small amount of tissue is removed through the tube. Transabdominal CVS is similar to amniocentesis. Guided by ultrasound, a thin needle is inserted through the mother's abdominal wall to obtain a small amount of chorionic villi. Both procedures usually take just a few minutes.
· Does CVS hurt? - Some women say the procedure is uncomfortable. Most, women are able to return to their regular activities the day after CVS.
· Does CVS have any side effects? - Some women experience spotting, bleeding or cramping following CVS. These usually go away without difficulty. The following is recommended after undergoing CVS:
· No lifting over 15 pounds for 24 hours
· No strenuous exercise for 72 hours
· No air travel for 72 hours
· No sexual intercourse for 73 hours
There is a natural miscarriage rate throughout any pregnancy.


Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is a procedure in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is obtained between 16 and 20 weeks of pregnancy and then analyzed. Chromosome studies are done on cells contained in the fluid for conditions such as Down syndrom. Amniotic fluid also assists in screening for neural tube defects, like spina bifida.Frequently asked questions about amniocentesis:
· How is amniocentesis done? - An ultrasound examination is done first to date the pregnancy and locate the placenta and the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby. With ultrasound guidance, a needle is inserted through the mother's abdominal wall into the amniotic fluid. A small amount of fluid is removed and sent for analysis. The entire procedure usually takes just a few minutes.
· Does the procedure hurt? - Some women say the procedure is uncomfortable, although many women say the sensation is like a routine blood draw. If desired, a local anesthetic can be used to numb the skin before the needle is inserted. Some women do experience cramping after the test. Most women are able to return to their regular activities the day after amniocentesis.
· Does amniocentesis have any side effects - Some women experience vaginal fluid loss or cramping following amniocentesis. This usually goes away without further complications. The following is recommended after undergoing amniocentesis:
· No lifting over 15 pounds for 24 hours
· No strenuous exercise for 72 hours
· No air travel for 72 hours
· No sexual intercourse for 72 hours
There is a natural miscarriage rate throughout any pregnancy. Amniocentesis increases this natural complication rate for this period of pregnancy by less than 0.5%. That is, less than 1 in 200 women would have a miscarriage as a result of amniocentesis.
· What types of problems can be detected by amniocentesis?Careful study of the cells contained in the amniotic fluid will identify chromosome problems such as Down syndrome. Measurement of the protein in the amniotic fluid, call Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) will detect the majority of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. When a history of genetic disease is known in a family, specific testing may be available through DNA or enzyme testing.No method of prenatal testing can guarantee that a baby will be born without birth defects, genetic disease or mental retardation.
· How long will it take for test results? - Results of the chromosome study and AFP measurement are usually available in less than two weeks. Special studies may take longer.
· Are the amniocentesis results accurate? - Chromosome results are greater than 99% accurate and measurement of the AFP detects approximately 95% of neural tube defects. DNA and enzyme studies also have high accuracy.Occasionally, test results need to be clarified through further ultrasound evaluations or blood tests on both parents. A repeat amniocentesis or a fetal blood sampling is rarely needed.

Genetic Screening
Some people may have an increased chance of being a carrier of certain genetic diseases based on their ethnic backgrounds. Examples of these include:
· Cystic Fibrosis in Caucasians (whites)
· Sickle cell disease in African-Americans
· Thalassemia in Asians and individuals of Mediterranean descent
· Tay-Sachs in Canavan disease in Ashkenazi Jews.
Other people may be at risk for an inherited disorder present in their family. If you are concerned that your baby may be at risk for inheriting a disorder, talk with your health care provider. Your health care provider or a genetic counselor can discuss what screening options may be appropriate for you. If you are at risk, a simple blood test may determine if you or your partner are carriers. If either of you are carriers, your health care provider or genetic counselor can discuss the risk to your baby of inheriting a disorder.Cystic Fibrosis (CF)Cystic Fibrosis is one of the most common inherited diseases. About 1 in 2,500 Caucasians in the United States has CF. Although it can occur in other ethnic groups, it is less common. CF causes the body to produce large amounts of abnormally thick mucus, which collects in the lungs and leads to congestion, pneumonia and lengthy hospitalizations. Mucus may also collect in the intestines, resulting in diarrhea and poor growth. Although present from birth, CF symptoms may not appear until a later time. CF does not affect intelligence but does greatly shorten the life span. Presently, there is no cure for CF.Sickle Cell DiseaseMost sickle cell disease occurs among African-Americans and Hispanics of Caribbean descent. About one in every 400 African-Americans has sickle cell disease. Sickle cell is curable only in rare cases.Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease of the red blood cells that can cause severe pain and damage to vital organs. Infants and young children with the disease are especially vulnerable to severe bacterial infections, the leading cause of death in sickle cell cases.There are several forms of sickle cell disease. The most common forms arereferred to as:
· SS — the child inherits two sickle cell genes.
· SC — the child inherits one sickle cell gene and one gene for another abnormal type of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying part of the red blood cell).
· S beta-zero — the child inherits one sickle cell gene and one gene for a type of thalassemia, another inherited anemia.
ThalassemiaThalassemia occurs most frequently in people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Asian and African descent. Thalassemia includes a number of different forms of anemia (red blood cell deficiency). The two main types are called alpha and beta thalassemias, depending on which part of an oxygen carrying protein is lacking in the red blood cells.Thalassemia major is the most harmful form. Most children born with this kind of thalassemia appear healthy at birth, but during the first year or two of life they become pale, listless, fussy, have a poor appetite and get many infections. Without treatment, the spleen, liver and heart soon become enlarged, bones become brittle, and the facial bones become distorted. Treatment consists of frequent blood transfusions to lessen the effects of the disease. Children born with thalassemia minor have very mild symptoms or none at all and require little to no treatment.Tay-SachsTay-Sachs occurs most often in descendants of Central and Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jews and French Canadians.Tay-Sachs is a neurological disease that begins during infancy and gets worse over time. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A (Hex A) necessary for breaking down certain fatty substances in brain and nerve cells. Without this enzyme, the entire central nervous system eventually stops working. Typically, a baby with Tay-Sachs develops normally for several months. Progressive deterioration then causes blindness, deafness, seizures and paralysis. Children do not usually live beyond the age of five. There is currently no treatment or cure for this disease. CanavanCanavan disease occurs most frequently in descendants of Central and Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jews. Canavan is a progressive neurological disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme aspartoacylase. This enzyme is crucial to the brain's normal functioning. Typically, a baby with Canavan disease appears normal at birth. After several months of life, a progressive deterioration b egins causing mental retardation, muscle weakness that develops into muscle stiffness, blindness, seizures and feeding problems. Children usually do not live beyond the age of 10. There is no cure or treatment for this disease.

Third Trimester Tests for Your Baby
Non-stress Test (NST), Contraction Stress Test (CST), Oxytocin Challenge (OCT), Biophysical Profile (BPP)
Nonstress Test (NST) A NST helps determine your baby's well-being. An electronic fetal monitor is used to trace your baby's heart rate to see if it speeds up or slows down as the baby moves.Contraction Stress Test (CST) A CST helps determin how well your baby will handle the stress of labor. During a CST, your nipples are stimulated to release oxytocin which causes your uterus to contract. An electronic fetal monitor is used to trace your baby's heart rate and look for changes in relation to your uterine contractions.Oxytocin Challenge Test (OCT)An OCT is the same as a CST except contractions are brought on by a small dose of pitocin, a synthetic form of the hormone oxytocin, administered through a vein in your arm. An OCT is usually done if the contractions from nipple stimulation are not strong enough to assess how your baby will handle the stress of labor.Biophysical Profile (BPP)A BPP is a test of your baby's well-being and may be done later in your pregnancy. Abdominal ultrasound is used to assess a baby's heartbeat, movement and breathing pattern along with the placenta and amount of amniotic fluid. BPP is considered an "in utero" check-up for your baby.

Group B Streptococcal Disease (GBS)
GBS is a bacteria that is naturally present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Sometimes in pregnancy, GBS may get into and grow in the rectal area or vagina (1 in 7 women). If GBS is not detected and treated with antibiotics, it may transfer to the baby and place the baby at risk for serious infection (1 per 150 births), even death (1 per 1,000 births).To test for GBS is growing in your vagina or rectum, your healthcare provider should culture these areas between 35 and 37 weeks of pregnancy according to the most recent recommendations. If GBS is present, antibiotics can be given during labor which greatly reduces the above mentioned complications.

Fetal Movement Counting
From 28 weeks of pregnancy until delivery, one of the best ways to keep track of a healthy baby is by counting his/her movements. Healthy babies are very active, particularly in the evening after dinner. However, some perfectly normal babies may sleep quietly for as long as 60 minutes without moving. Babies are usually sluggish and move less when they are having problems. Counting your baby's movements can warn you and your health care provider of any developing problems.The following instructions can help you and your health care provider be sure that your baby is feeling well.
· You may count at any time of the day, when you feel your baby is more active. For most women, this is in the evening after dinner when you are lying down and quiet. Get into a position that you normally feel your baby move. Record the time that you start counting.
· Count ten separate times that the baby moves. A movement may be a kick, turn or flip of the baby.
· Record the time you feel the 10th movement. If you count 10 movements in less than one hour, stop counting until tomorrow.
If you do not feel 10 movements in two hours, call your health care provider.Remember:
· Your baby may move all 10 time in 1/2 hour or less.
· Your baby may take up to two hours to move 10 times.
· The important thing is to know what is normal for your baby so you can tell your health care provider if something different happens.
Call your health care provider if:
· You do not feel 10 movements in two hours.
· You have not felt the baby move all day.
· It takes longer and longer each evening to get to the 10th movement.

the facts we must know about Pala

History
There are various versions regarding the origin of the place name. According to one, Pala gets its name from Palazhi (Ksheera Sagara), the mythological ocean of milk from which nectar was churned out. Another view is that the name was derived from Palathu Chettiyar families, the prominent early settlers of the region.
Pala was ruled by Meenachil Karthas (Hindu Local Chieftains) for a long time. The first royal Kartha families were known as Njavakattu Karthas.
Pala has the largest propotion of Chrisitans in Kerala.
Early settlements
Early settlements in the region date back to 1000 AD. Christian settlers came to the area very early, probably at the invitation of the local rulers.The first four Christian families were THARAYIL (tharayil mappila) KOOTTUMKAL (brother of Tharayil Mappila) ERAKONNI & VAYALAKOMBIL .They engaged mainly in agriculture and trade. It is believed that Pala market was established around 1736 on the banks of Meenachil River by Christian settlers on the land allotted by the rulers Meenachil Karthas.Today it is the land of Latex ( Rubber Pal) and the name Pala is relevant even today.
Religious places
Pala Diocese
[1] The Syrian Christians of Pala owe their faith to St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ who came down to Kerala. Though the diocese is only half a century old (July 25, 1950), some of the Churches trace its origin to the earlier centuries.
Pope Pius XII by the Bull “Quo Ecclesiarim” issued on July 25, 1950, bifurcated the Diocese of Changanacherry, and out of the territory covered by the Foranes of Palai, Muttuchira, Kuravilangad, Anakkallu (including the present Forane of Aruvithura) and Ramapuram erected the Diocese of Palai as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Ernakulam.
On August 22, 1956 when the Holy See by the Apostolic Constitution “Regnum Coelorum” raised the Diocese of Changanacherry to the status of an Archdiocese and constituted the new Ecclesiastical Province of Changanacherry, the Diocese of Palai became one of its suffragans.
Pala diocese comprises Meenachil Taluk, and a few villages of Kottayam, Idukki, Ernakulam districts. Pala had contacts with other continents from time immemorial. In 1663, an Armenian is said to have influenced the construction of the Lalam (old ) church. Before Pala church was built in 1002, Aruvithura used to be the Parish. It is believed that St. Thomas traveled through the then navigable Meenachil river and reached Aruvithura and Cherpunkal.
Pala also has many ancient temples and churches that are considered as pilgrim centers by the devotees.
Temples
There are 11 temples in Pala Municipality. Among them Lalam Mahadeva Temple is the most famous temple and is called Dakshina Kasi (Kasi of South). Lalam Mahadeva Temple is situated at the heart of Pala town on the bank of Lalam river. It is believed that this is the oldest temple in Meenachil Taluk and was once the only temple in the 58 Karas or Villages of Meenachil Taluk. Thiruvathira festival in Dhanu (December - January) is the main festival of this temple. Ambalppurathukavu Bhagavthy Temple is situated near to Lalam temple. Kizhathadiyoor Puthiyakavu Devi Temple, Chembittambalam Kizhathadiyoor Thrukkayil Mahadeva Temple, Murikkumpuzha Devi Temple, Idayattu Bala Ganapathy Temple, Narasimha Swami Temple, Vellappattu Sree Vana Durga Bhagavathy Temple (the only temple in Kottayam district where Jeevatha ezhunnallathu is performed), Thattarakathu Bhagavathy Temple, Ooraasala Subrahmanya Swami Temple and Anakkulangara Bhagavathy Temple are the other temples situated within the boundaries of Pala Municipality.
Kadappattor Mahadeva Temple which is situated on the bank of Meenachil river is the most famous Hindu temple in this region. Thousands of pilgrims visit the Kadappattoor temple every year, on their way to Sabarimala. Cheruthil Valuthu (big among small) Puliyannoor Mahadeva temple is also a famous temple near to Pala. Both these temples are located in Mutholi Panchayath. Meenachil vadakke kavu is a famous Bhadrakaaly temple near Pala. "Mandalakala pooja (41days)" is very famous with Kalamezhuthu& Kalam karikkal. Meenachil Dharmasastha Temple, Idayattu Bala Ganapathy Temple, Poovarany Mahadeva Temple, Valavoor Mahadeva Temple, Idanadu Bhagavathy Temple, Anthinadu Mahadeva Temple, Vezhanganam Mahadeva Temple, Bharanaganam Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Alanadu Sree Krishna Swami Temple, Ponad Bhagavathy Temple and Sree Kurumbakkavu Devi Temple are the other important temples of this region.
Churches
Kurishupalli, a shrine located at the centre of the Pala town, acts as the landmark of the town. St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala and St. Mary's Church, Lalam are two of the main Christian churches in Pala. An Armenian might have played an important role in the establishment of the Lalam Church in 1663.
A famous pilgrim centre nearby is the Alphonsa Church at Bharananganam, where the mortal remains of Blessed Alphonsa of India are kept. Adjacent to it is St. Mary's Church of Bharananganam which was founded in 1004. St. George's Church, Aruvithura, near Erattupetta, is also a famous pilgrim centre. Another Christian pilgrim centre near Pala is the St. Augustine's Church at Ramapuram, where the mortal remains of the Blessed Augustine Kunjachan are kept. Monastery of Mutholy is founded by Blessed Chavara kuriakose Elias.
Trade links
Pala had trade links with far-off places such as TamilNadu, and even foreign countries in the Middle East. A jungle route to Gudalloor, in Tamil Nadu, through the dense forests in the High Ranges, is believed to have brought a significant number of Vellalas and Chettiars during the Middle Ages. During early 1900s Pala became famous for its spice market. A particular brand of pepper called "Pala Pepper" was quoted in the London market in the early 1900s. Once rubber took a firm root in Central Kerala, Pala became a rubber market.
Pala dominated the banking and financial scene of Kerala for over three decades (1927-60) through Palai Central Bank, which was the largest business enterprise of Kerala and the 17th largest scheduled commercial bank in India, when it was liquidated in 1960 by the Reserve Bank of India.
A road linking Athirampuzha to Erattupetta through Pala was established in 1868. Pala was linked to Thodupuzha by road in 1893. Motor vehicles appeared in Pala around the 1920s.
Pala became a Municipality in 1949.
Meenachil River
The Meenachil River flows through the taluks of Meenachil, Vaikom and Kottayam . It is formed by several streams originating from the Western Ghats in Idukki district. At Erattupeetta, Poonjar River also joins it, takes a sharp turn and flows towards the west. At Kondur, it is joined by the Chittar and at Lalam it receives the Payuapparathodu and flows in a south- west direction till it reaches Kottayam . Here, it branches into several streams before emptying into the Vembanad Lake. The important town in the basin are Pala, Poonjar, Ettumanoor and Kottayam
Culture and people
Though the population is diverse, Pala is considered as an important hub of Roman Catholics Syrian Christians in India. Pala is en-route the tourist resort at Vagamon.The palaites are considered to be very hard working. Many from meenachil Taluk has migrated to high ranges and Malabar region of kerala. They have proved their worth by turning the forest lands to highyielding farms. The Syrian Christians catholics of Pala and Kottayam district are generally called ACHAYANS
They work hard during the day and spends the evening having some toddy.this has been the custom here. But nowadays they beverage corporation provides them what they want.
Varthamana Pusthakam (1778), written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar, on a travel to Rome, is the first travelogue in Malayalam.
Meenachil taluk, of which Pala is teh headquarters has produced people with notable contribution in many fields:
Politics
K. R. Narayanan, President of India (1997-2002), Vice-President of India (1992-97).
P K Vasudevan Nair, Chief Minister of Kerala (1978-79), Minister of Kerala State and Member of Parliament.
K M Chandy [2], State Governor (1982-89), President of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee.
K M Mani, Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly (1965 onwards) and Minister of Kerala State (different terms during 1977-2006).
M M Jacob [3], Deputy Chairman of Rajaya Sabha (1986-87), Union Minister (1987-93), State Governor of Meghalaya (1995-2007).
R V Thomas [4], President (Speaker) of Travancore State Legislative Assembly (1947-49).
J Thomas Kayalackakom [5], Member of Sree Moolam Popular Assembly of Travancore State (1922-31).
Kidangoor Gopalakrishna Pillai [6], General Secretary of NSS (1967 onwards) and Indian High-Commissioner to Singapore.
George Thomas Kottukapally [7], Member of Indian Parliament - Lok Sabha (1957-62), U.N Delegate.
Cherian J Kappen [8], Member of Indian Parliament - Lok Sabha (1962-67).
Dr P J Thomas [9][10], Member of Madras Legislative Council, 1937-42 and Member of Indian Parliament - Rajya Sabha 1957-62.
M J Varkey (Vakkachen) Mattathil [11], Member of Indian Parliament - Rajya Sabha (1998-2004).
Literature
Mahakavi Kattakayam Cherian Mappila (1859-1936: author of Sri Yesu Vijayam)
Mahakavi Pala Narayanan Nair
Mahakavi Pravithanam P M Devasia
Lalithambika Antharjanam
B. Sandhya IPS, writer and police officer.
Vettoor Raman Nair
Paul Zacharia
Sports
Wilson Cherian, Swimmer - Arjuna award winner.
T.J. Jacob, Swimmer - Indian Team at Asian Games.
Mathew Joseph, Swimmer - Indian Team at Asian Games.
Sumi Cyriac, Swimmer - National Champion.
Sony Cyriac, swimmer - Indian Team
Mani C Kappen, Volley Ball - Indian Team Player.
M D Valsamma, Athletics - Asian Gold Medalist.
Sunny Thomas - National Coach in Riffle Shooting.
S. Pazhaniya Pillai - Indian Athletic Team Manager.
INTER NATIONAL GYM Inter National Gym is the most important part of the palai sports
Management & Administration
Kris Gopalakrishnan, CEO, Infosys Technologies Ltd.
M. S. Joseph, bureaucrat.
K.J. Mathew, bureaucrat.
V J Kurian, bureaucrat.
Tom Jose, bureaucrat.
Movies
Bhadran, movie director
Miss Kumari, late Malayalam actress
Mani C Kappen, movie producer
Rimi Tomy, Cine Play back singer
Suvarna mathew Cine serial actress
Remya raveendran Television anchor.
Television
Gayathri, television talkshow host
Baby Rekha Mathews, newsreader
Anne, television anchor
Rimi Tomy, Singer
Science
K.L. Sebastian, winner of S.S. Bhatnagar Prize in Chemistry.
Dr. A.M.Michael, Director, Agricultural Institute of India
Education
Colleges in Pala are affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. Educational institutes here are hubs of sports excellence. Famous international volleyball player Jimmy George was an alumnus of St. Thomas College. Olympian Shiny Wilson is an alumnus of Alphonsa College. Many institutions are run under the management of the Diocese of Pala
Demographics
As of 2001 India census[1], Pala had a population of 22,640. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Pala has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 86%. In Pala, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Records and Achievements
Meenachil Taluk, of which Pala town is the headquarters, has the unique distinction of holding innumerable records. It is amazing that a rather remote Taluk located in the hilly inland could achieve so much.
World Records:
The Christian parish that is home to the largest number of priests in the world – Kozhuvanal Parish, Pala Diocese (101 priests).
Promoter of one of the world’s ten best Resort Hotels selected by the world’s leading travel magazine – Dominic Joseph Kuruvinakkunnel (Coconut Lagoon, Kumarakom of Casino CGH Earth Group of Hotels).
National Records:
India’s only dalit President – K R Narayanan (1997).
First Indian to become Economic Advisor to Government of India – Dr P J Thomas (1942).
India’s first and only Taluk to produce one President/Vice-President, two State Governors, one State Chief Minister and one Ambassador – K R Narayanan, K M Chandy, M M Jacob, P K Vasudevan Nair & Kidangoor Gopalakrishna Pillai.
Longest term as Finance Minister of a State in India – K M Mani (7 years).
Longest term as State Governor in India – M M Jacob (12 years).
Highest number of Bishops from a Diocese in India – Pala Diocese.
The first travelogue in an Indian language – “Varthamana Pusthakam” by Paremmakkal Thomma Kathanar (18th century).
Author of the first encyclopaedia in an Indian language – Mathew M Kuzhively.
First head of a Homoeo Medical Dept. of a State in India – Dr K Z George [23] (1973).
First Bank to open a branch in India’s capital New Delhi – Palai Central Bank (1932).
Maker of India’s largest selling medicinal toilet soap – C R Kesavan Vaidyan (Chandrika Soap).
State Records:
First and only President/Vice-President from Kerala – K R Narayanan (1997/1992).
First Speaker of the State since Independence – R V Thomas (1948).
Longest continuous term as MLA of the State – K M Mani (1965 onwards)
One of the first two from the State to be beatified by Catholic church – Sr Alphonsa (1986).
Promoter of the institution that was the largest in the State for over three decades – Joseph Augusti Kayalackakom - Palai Central Bank (1927-60)].
First and foremost sports promoter of the State – Col. G V Raja.
First company promoter of the State to make a public issue of shares of a plantation company – J Thomas Kayalackakom - Mysore Plantations Ltd (1943).
First person to run a Star Hotel in the State – Dominic Joseph Kuruvinakkunnel - Malabar Hotel, Cochin (1962).
First Liquor Baron of the State – Joseph Michael Manarkattu (1980s).
First Stock Broker’s Firm in the State – Kayalackakom Company (1946).
First person from the State to dominate the multi-crore Forward Trade (Satta Bazar) in spices – M O Devasia Mattathil (1970s).
First lady athlete of Kerala to win Asian Games gold medal – M D Valsamma (1982)
One of the first two women IPS officers from the State – B Sandhya IPS (1994)
First MBA degree holder of Kerala – K M George Kayalackakom - New York University (1948).
First Christian Mahakavi and Editor of one of the oldest literary magazines in Malayalam – Kattakayam Cheriyan Mappillai - Sreeyesu Vijayam (1926) & Vijgnana Rathnakaram (1915).
First person to introduce the ‘Vanchippaattu’ branch of Malayalam poetry – Ramapurathu Warrior - Kuchelavritham (18th century).
First editor of a Malayalam Newspaper – Nidheerickal Mani Kathanar - Nasrani Deepika (1887).
First bridge constructed by private individuals - Puzhakkara Bridge - 50ft*16ft (Constructed in 1998 by P.A Kuriakose and brothers John and Joseph, Puzhakkara family).[Page10, 15th June 1998 Malayala Manorama Daily, Bussiness Deepika 15-21, 1999].

malayalee

This shows the common concept in about we malayalies। At some instance we must feel that it is quite hurting as we are there with all kinds of greeds and third degree hypocratic methods for some gains.

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